I believe that statelessness was codified in the UN charter of 1954, then expanded in 1961. - Another important reason is the emergence of new states and changes in borders. "Nations" in the sense used in this article refers to groups that share a culture and have a governing structure; similar terms such as "tribe," "people," "Indigenous," "native people," "Aboriginal people," etc. 2) to understand issues of inequity and power imbalances. Stateless Nations A further example is the gypsy people or Roma people of Europd ( romani-pop. The U.S. and Post-Bandung Imperial Dominance, Part 9. [14] Some nations have been victims of "carve out" and their homeland was divided among several countries. Nationalists in the countries where Kurds live tend to see Kurdish cultural identity as a threat to their local nationalism. Stateless nations are either dispersed across a number of states (for example, the Kurdish people are found in Iraq, Turkey, Iran, Armenia and Syria), or they form the native population of a province within a larger state (such as the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region within the People's Republic of China). Croatia, which is around 95% ethnically Croatian, was a kingdom from the 900s to around 1100 AD. When the mandate ended in 1948, with the founding of the State of Israel, the Palestinians became definitively stateless. Most are found only in their respective countries. As such, the term expresses irredentism. What Are the Consequences That Stateless People Encounter? For most people, nationality is determined by place of birth, parentage or a long-term residence in a country. These five stateless groups Rohingya, Roma, Nubians, Bidoon and Yao are just a select few from an extensive list. Therefore, understanding stateless nations allows you to gain a better perspective on why certain areas in the world are violence-ridden. Because stateless people, like refugees, are vulnerable to serious human rights abuses, the UNHCR launched the #ibelong campaign in 2014 to eradicate statelessness in 10 years. The term State of Palestine is only used officially by Sweden. The symbiotic relationship between nations and states arose in early modern Western Europe (18th century) and it was exported to the rest of the world through colonial rule. Other Religions: Yazidis and Mandaeans, Part 1. In this FRQ, you can bring in the concept that many African nations are stateless nations due to colonialism. The Jews were a stateless nation until 1948 when they declared Israel a state, and immediately gained recognition from the U.S., followed by the rest of the world. In the Middle East the history of national consciousness differs a great deal from that of Europe. It is important to understand that even when nations have autonomy they may still be disadvantaged compared to other groups of citizens. The Tibetan nation is spread across several countries today; its cultural core area was occupied and annexed by China in the 1950s. In essence, nationalism is belonging. National identity is therefore a complicated topic in the context of the Middle East. This results in situations where people of the same language or culture are divided by national borders, for example New Guinea splits as West Papua (former Dutch colony) and Papua New Guinea (former British colony). The few "stateless" ethnic groups that exceed that figure - African Americans in the United States, for example, or the Tamils in India - make no widespread demands for independence. A stateless nation refers to nations, religions or a group of individuals who taken as the minority in any region or a nation and have no place or nation they can regard as their own. Each year, the UNHCR Nansen Refugee Award recognizes several individuals, groups or organizations that have shown exceptional dedication in protecting and assisting refugees, internally displaced or stateless people. There were always concepts of cultural community, somewhat synonymous with nation, or people, but national identities were not defined by a particular state. Examples include Kurds (Kurdistan), Palestinians (Palestine), and Yoruba. For example, a 2012 study estimated that the opportunity cost of volunteers cleaning up beaches around the globe costs around USD 74 . The Jewish people were once a famous "stateless nation" in history, until the creation of Israel in 1948. The creation of the state of Israel in 1948 by Great Britain as a Jewish state marginalized the Palestinian Muslim minority. Well give you challenging practice questions to help you achieve mastery in AP Human Geography. They are quite common throughout the world and consistently make major headlines. Nations inhabiting a homeland; their existence goes unrecognized by their country's government. Various cultural communities came to consider themselves nations and were also able to establish a modern nation-state based on that identity. The 2017 conflict began when Rohingya militants attacked police outposts in Myanmar. Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) was established in 1948 to aid Palestinian refugees who had lost their homes and livelihoods in the Arab-Israeli wars. Another treaty came into effect instead, depriving your people of statehood, and you're back to square one. Keys to Understanding the Middle East: History and Religions of the Middle East, Chapter One : Foundations of the Modern Middle East, Chapter Two: The Middle East and the Impact of Imperialism, Part 1. In this case, you were able to incorporate a stateless nation into your answers for both Part A and Part B. Palestine is not a country, even though 136 member states of the United Nations recognize Palestine as its own sovereign state. example children with disabilities are 42% less likely to have foundational reading and numeracy skills . Many nations were not always subject to the laws of a state. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. To take an example from Arabic speaking communities of the Middle East. The Catalan President and the Head of the Corsican government meet in Barcelona. Captive nations are trapped in highly discriminatory situations, still inhabiting ancestral homeland but bereft of many rights and legal protections. Since no government recognizes them, they can't get a birth certificate, attend school, see a doctor, own property or get married. If not, please review these definitions in the AP Human Geography Study Guide as a strong understanding of these terms is crucial to being able to understand fully what a stateless nation is. Many groups in China fall in this category. Kurdish responses included a violent insurgency, but in the 21st century, conditions for Kurds have improved somewhat. The map of the Middle East is diverse already with Arabic, Hebrew, Turkish and Persian linguistically defining the political borders not the monolithic image most people have of the Middle East as a location exclusively Arabic-speaking place. Keys to Understanding the Middle East by Alam Payind and Melinda McClimans is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. The favoring of a united single state is also associated with unionism (Pakistani nationalism, Indian nationalism, Chinese nationalism,[32] British nationalism, Spanish nationalism, Russian nationalism). Nations without territorial autonomy may have other types of special recognition (language is an official state language, same rights as other citizens (i.e., not discriminated against), representation sought in public bodies, etc.). Economic distress As elsewhere, in the refugee settlements in South Asia, the risks of contracting COVID-19 have much to do with employment and economic status, and In this article, we will discuss what a stateless nation is, look at examples of stateless nations, explain why its important in having a comprehensive understanding of geography, and how to understand it in the context of the AP Human Geography exam. They contacted party members from across the nation to ask for their support. Refugees, hidden, and dispossession of homeland. False. Which of the following refers to the most disadvantaged situations for stateless nations? But it's still not their own country. Stateless nations either are dispersed across a number of states (for example, the Yakthung Limbu People residing in east of Nepal, includes (Sikkim and Darjeeling) India and north-western part of Bangladesh as the Yakthung Limbuwan nation[9] and Yoruba people are found in the African states of Nigeria, Benin and Togo) or form the native population of a province within a larger state (such as the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region within the People's Republic of China). He has 10 books in print and lives in Panama. The Jews were a stateless nation until 1948 when they declared Israel a state, and immediately gained recognition from the U.S., followed by the rest of the world. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. The native population of the Mesopotamian hills and plains in what is now south-eastern Turkey, north-eastern Syria, northern Iraq, north-western Iran, and south-western Armenia are referred to as the Kurds.. Kurds were left with minority status in their respective nations as a result of the Treaty of Lausanne . "5 Large Nations With No Homeland" In Myanmar, they suffer from a long-running genocide and are denied citizenship. They were stripped of their nationality on February 9 and 15. Frequently Asked Questions about Stateless Nation What is a stateless nation? How many stateless nations are there? In Iraq, 300,000 Kurds were stripped of their citizenship in 1980 for alleged disloyalty to Saddam Hussein. A total of 5.5 million Palestinians are registered with the UNRWA and since Palestine is still not its own country, those 5.5 million are widely considered to be stateless. The claim of the stateless nations to self-determination is often denied due to geopolitical interests and increasing globalization of the world. One example of a multistate nation is the Kurds. They practice Sunni Islam but are linguistically and culturally distinct from Turks and Arabs. What are examples of a stateless nation? The rest are distributed in one or more states. They resent the fact that they are not recognized and given political control over the land that they believe rightfully belongs to them. 3) to acknowledge that many of the conflicts of the Middle East arebetter understood with an accountingof national identity issues. Christian Sects in the Middle East, Part 14. Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. See the UNPO Unrepresented Nations & Peoples Organisation. Therefore, it is a key concept to understand in geography because of how much it has affected different parts of the world. Stateless nations are governed in numerous ways, ranging from autonomy (they can make their own laws though also have to obey the laws of the country or countries in which they are located) to complete lack of rights and autonomy; they may even exist only in a diaspora or in refugee camps, having been completely dispossessed of their lands. By 2019, more than 730,000 Rohingya fled the Rakhine state in Myanmar to escape brutal persecution, including the raiding and burning of entire villages. Religion and Conflict in the Modern Middle East, Part 2. For example, Arab-majority countries of the Middle East all share Arab identity, language and heritage, although they have very different national identities. They are quite common throughout the world and consistently make major headlines. For example, Arab-majority countries of the Middle East all share Arab identity, language and heritage, although they have very different national identities. It was a defeat for the Church, but a victory for increased individualism in regard to spirituality and group belonging. Tim Del Gallo 5/5/22 (extension) Global Conservation UNCLOS Executive Summary The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea provided many answers to a confusing question. They are thus stateless nations. While there are over 3000 estimated nations in the world, there were only 193 member states of the United Nations as of 2011, of which fewer than 20 are considered to be ethnically homogeneous nation-states. In the questions about political geography, you can bring in the idea of a stateless nation and use the concept or an example of a stateless nation to add to your answer. Its people often live in varying degrees of attachment to their original nation. This section gives an overview of national identities and how they formed in the Middle East, and how they differ from European and global views on national identity. Croatia is one such example in Europe; Tibet is a famous case in Asia. The Kurds are one of the largest stateless nations, with over 20 million people dispersed throughout six countries: Syria, Iraq, Turkey, Iran, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. Neighboring countries that otherwise impose border controls sometimes allow the people of transborder nations to cross back and forth across a shared border without doing this or with an expedited process. Seek self-determination from occupying powers. Buffer State States that are allowed to exist by neighboring states (to help relieve tension between the neighboring states). [10][11] Some ethnic groups were once a stateless nation that later became a nation state (for example, the nations of the Balkans such as the Croats, Serbs, Bosniaks, Slovenes, Montenegrins and Macedonians were once part of a multinational state of Yugoslavia; since the breakup of Yugoslavia many nation states were formed). Other examples include many indigenous peoples that have been manoeuvred into minority status in their home countries by colonial powers. Members have citizenship in the country in which they reside. Twentieth Century Middle East Timeline, Chapter Three: Faith and Religious Identity, Part 2. [26][27][28][29] Stateless nations sometimes show solidarity with other stateless nations and maintain diplomatic relations.[30][31]. They believe because they have a distinct culture, language, religion (or sect thereof) and have occupied a certain region of land for centuries, they are entitled to that particular piece of land. Certain people do not exclusively feel part of their nation of origin. Its 100% free. The Pope became equivalent to an emperor in Western Europe, because when the Western Roman Empire fell to the Germanic invaders, there was a power vacuum which the Bishop of Rome (now known as the Pope) came to fill. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. Are you a teacher or administrator interested in boosting AP Human Geography student outcomes? Stateless nations are members of multinational states and guaranteed limited sovereignty; officially recognized by the government(s) of the country or countries in which they reside. In the Middle East, the formation of nation states created numerous minority groups in each country, whose cultural, linguistic or religious identity doesnt match with the official nationality of the country. The Kurds have a long history of statelessness, dating back to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in the early 20th century. Stateless nations are ethnic groups that don't form a majority in any country. There is no universally accepted definition of what constitutes a state, [1] or to what extent a stateless group must be independent of the de jure or de facto control of states so as to be considered a society by itself. Create and find flashcards in record time. Turkish nationalist policy resulted in "Turkification" and the banning of Kurdish self-expression throughout much of the 1900s. Minoritize is a verb used in the social sciences to critically describe the processes which create inequity between groups in a given country. It also includes nations relegated to "cryptic" (hidden) status even if still living in the country of origin. This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 02:32. 28 October 2019. Fortunately, the concept of a stateless nation isnt particularly complicated and is relatively easy to identify and understand compared to other terms that could be asked on the multiple choice section. Minoritize is a verb used in the social sciences to critically describe the processes which create inequity between groups in a given country. Kurdish populations are spread between four countries (Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran) in all of which they live as (sometimes persecuted) minorities. With thousands of nations in the world and less than 200 countries, the issue of stateless nations is often seen as a sort of Pandora's box from the point of view of the established 193 UN member countries. Therefore, it is crucial to understand stateless nations and how they came about because a significant amount of conflict today in the world comes from stateless nations. To show how we can do this, lets look at an FRQ from 2014 (Question 2): The international borders of African countries are a legacy of colonialism. The Middle East and the Impact of Imperialism, Part 3. One example of this can be found in the dissolution of the Soviet Union, which fractured into numerous new nation-states but left a population of some 600,000 stateless people as . What is an example of a nation without a state? Palestinians are currently members of a stateless nation, although the sovereignty of Palestine has been recognized by 135 member countries of the U.N. Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, and Somaliland are examples of these. It is important to understand the dynamics of national identity for two main reasons: 1) to understand the immense cultural diversity of the Middle East. The correct number is 25, not 27 as originally stated. Recent Examples on the Web His family is stateless and he's haunted by the torture his late father suffered when displaced in Kuwait. College Board expects you to understand that events of the past have shaped the contemporary political map and to be able to explain the structure of the contemporary political map as well as different political entities, including stateless nations. Stateless nations are usually not represented in international sports or in international organisations such as the United Nations. The Kurds are a nation without a state of their own. Unification of the Lezgin people in Azerbaijan and, partially controlled by the self-proclaimed. Turmoil in the Middle East: Imperialism, War, and Political Instability (1999), Berch Berberoglu, 69p. You see, the independence treaty you signed was ripped up. Hmong, Karen and Other Ethnic Minorities in Thailand, Special Offer on Antivirus Software From HowStuffWorks and TotalAV Security, third of all stateless people are children, Hmong, Karen and Other Ethnic Minorities in Thailand, the most persecuted minority in the world, United Nations decided to divide the country of Palestine, 5.5 million are widely considered to be stateless, struggle to find work, health care and housing, opened a path to citizenship for 80,000 stateless people. What countries have stateless people? At the same time, many of those, did notpossess a state of their own, and some continue to be without a state. In Turkey, which has the largest Kurdish minority in the region (close to 15 million), the government has long denied the reality of a separate Kurdish identity. National devolution, further autonomy or total secession from Mali. SYRIA: In 1962, many Kurds in the . Trans-border stateless nations face many challenges. The delegates were linked with the Scottish group SNP Friends of Catalonia, which itself had members recently visit the Catalan parliament in Barcelona in a show of solidarity to the country's hopes of self-determination. Chapter Two: Faith and Religious Identity, Next: The U.S. and Post-Bandung Imperial Dominance, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Examples include Greeks before the Greek War of Independence[87] and Irish people before the Irish War of Independence and Bengalis before the Bangladesh Liberation War. Twentieth Century Middle East to 1945, Part 4. Some stateless nations historically had a state, which was absorbed by another; for example, Tibet's declaration of independence in 1913 was not recognized, and it was reunited in 1951 by the People's Republic of China which claims that Tibet is an integral part of China, while the Tibetan government-in-exile maintains that Tibet is an independent state under an unlawful occupation. National consciousness, government based on national identity, and individual citizenship, has a historical explanation related to power struggles in Europe. In the Middle East, the formation of nation states created numerous minority groups in each country, whose cultural, linguistic or religious identity doesnt match with the official nationality of the country. Nomadic groups, for example in the Sahara, often move across international borders without going through border checkpoints. United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR) Nansen Refugee Award 2023 (US$ 150,000 Prize) Application Deadline: 17 March 2023. The following is a list of ethnic and national groups where there exist notable independence movements as evidenced by standalone Wikipedia articles. For a more detailed explanation, see: Sensoy & Diangelo (2012). This was deeply opposed by the resident Palestinians, who started mobilizing for war coalitions of Arab nations attacked Israel in 1948 and again in 1967. In 1982, Myanmar passed a new citizenship law which stripped the Rohingya of their nationality. In many countries, unionism is also encouraged by governments and separatism is considered illegal. Want to create or adapt books like this? Two very critical countries do not: Israel, which considers the whole of Palestine as "occupied territories" within its borders; and the United States, which refuses to recognize Palestinian independence. Many of the US's hundreds of nations governed their own fully sovereign territory and did not come under US control until the 1800s. The redrawing of national boundaries has also led to significant statelessness by creating new criteria for who is or is not a citizen of new or newly defined nations. This is also a region of heavy conflict. The Stateless Nation: A Future for the Kurds Iran has been playing with fire for a hundred years specifically, Iranian state policy towards the Iranian Kurdish community is a recipe for disaster. By most calculations, it is the Kurds. People can become stateless through a variety of . Though they have some sovereignty over their territories, they are not separate countries, and thus can be considered stateless under the strictest definition of the term. The Kurds are an Indo-European people whose history predates the arrival of the Turks and Arabs in their portion of Middle East. Still be disadvantaged compared to other groups of citizens from a long-running genocide are... Following is a verb used in the social sciences to critically describe the processes create! 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